Charles A. Washington is a choreographer, performer and musician based in Dresden, Germany. He is the Artistic Director of his project-based dance company called Pinkmetalpetal Productions. At present his primary artistic focus is to try and create spaces and expressions that explore the impossible, the uncertain and the eerie. In 2018 Charles graduated with a MA in choreography, and in 2021 he completed his Miesterklasse research called “We are all a subculture?” at the Palucca University of Dance Dresden


It is not known why we have sinuses. One theory is that they help humidify the air we breathe in, and another is that they enhance our voice.&nbsp;

Sinuses are a system of connected hollow cavities in the skull. They are lined with a soft, pink tissue called the&nbsp;mucosa. Except for a thin layer of mucus, the sinuses are empty.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.webmd.com/allergies/picture-of-the-sinuses">Picture of the Sinuses</a>

It is not known why we have sinuses, one theory is that they help humidify the air we breathe in and another is that they enhance our voice. 

Sinuses 

Also known as the oral cavity, the mouth is the secondary external opening to the respiratory tract. As the pathway of air entering the body from the mouth is shorter than the pathway for nose breathing, the mouth does not warm and moisturise the air interring the lungs, as well as the nose. Also, the mouth does not have motile cilia or mucus to filter the passing air like the nasal cavity. An advantage of mouth breathing is the short distance and larger diameter of the passageway; more air can enter quickly.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/digestive/head-neck/oral-cavity-cross-section">Mouth Cavity cross section</a>

<a href="https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/tongue">Tongue</a>

Mouth breathing while relaxing the tongue and the whole oral cavity can give entry into emotional experiences of the whole body.&nbsp;

Also known as the oral cavity, the mouth is the secondary external opening to the respiratory tract.

Mouth 

The respiratory system is a series of organs that work with the circulatory system to provide a continuous supply of oxygen and remove the waste products of the metabolic process of the body cells.&nbsp; The respiratory system also helps to regulate the pH (a measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution) of the blood.&nbsp;

Respiration or breathing is a sequence of events resulting in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells. The breathing process can be stimulated voluntary and involuntary, such as when sleeping. Every three to five-second, nerve impulses stimulate the breathing process or ventilation. While breathing, the air is moved through a series of passages into and out of the lungs. Three stages constitute respiration:

The different parts of the respiratory system include <a href="https://theframe.pinkbeton.com/d/nose-and-nasal-cavity">Nose and Nasal</a>, Cavity, Sinuses, Mouth, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchia, Alveoli, and Lungs&nbsp;

The respiratory system is a series of organs that work with the circulatory system to provide a continuous supply of oxygen and to remove the waste products of the metabolic process of the body cells. 

Respiratory System 

Form the main external opening and are a structure of bone, cartilage, skin and muscle that extends from the face and form two openings called nostrils, or napes. The nostrils lead to two cavities called navel cavities&nbsp;separated by the septum, a cartilage wall. On the roof of the nasal cavity is a special type of tissue called the olfactory epithelium, which specialises in producing a sense of smell. The olfactory epithelium is a sheet of cells that cover the underlying tissue of the nasal cavity. It is unique, as it contains many sensory cells that protrude from its surface and are embedded in mucus secreted by goblet cells in the epithelium. Within the sheet of the olfactory epithelium, there are several distinct cells. The cell that is responsible for sending sensory signals to the brain is the olfactory receptor neuron.&nbsp;

The nose is also the first line of defence against sickness. As air moves over the mucous, the air is warmed and humidified not to shock the delicate lungs. The Motile cilia or Moving cilia have a rhythmic waving or breathing motion that help to keep the airway clear of mucus and dirt so that breathing is easy and without irritation.

<a href="https://www.innerbody.com/anim/nasal.html">Nose and Nasal Cavity</a>

<a href="https://www.webmd.com/allergies/picture-of-the-sinuses">Picture of the Sinuses</a>&nbsp;

<a href="https://ciliopathyalliance.org/cilia">Cilia</a>

Nose breathing brings a focus to the brain.

Form the main external opening and are a structure of bone, cartilage, skin and muscle that extends from the face and form two openings called nostrils, or napes.

Nose and Nasal Cavity 

It is part of the Bronchial Tree. The&nbsp;trachea is commonly known&nbsp;as the windpipe. The trachea is the trunk of the bronchial tree and the main airway to the lungs. It is a wide, hollow tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. Located along the midline of the body midline, anterior to the oesophagus. It connects to the larynx at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. It extends down in the thorax posterior to the sternum before dividing into the right and left bronchi of the lungs at the fifth thoracic vertebra. The homogenous hyaline cartilage in the tracheal wall provides support and keeps the trachea from collapsing in respiration. On the posterior wall, there is soft tissue, which allows for the expansion of the oesophagus.

The trachea is lined with a mucous membrane called the&nbsp;ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, a respiratory epithelium. The ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium,&nbsp;similar to that in the navel cavity,&nbsp;contains many goblet cells that produce sticky mucus to coat the trachea's inner lining, which catches debris present in inhaled air before it reaches the lungs. On the surface of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium are microscopic cilia that beat and move together like a conveyor belt pushing away the mucous that has collected any debris back to the larynx to be coughed out of the body or swallowed into digestion.&nbsp;

Is part of the Bronchial tree the trachea is commonly known as the wind pipe.

The trachea 

The lungs are the centre of the respiratory system. The lungs consist of two lungs containing all the components of the bronchial tree beyond the primary bronchi and occupy the majority of the space in the thoracic cavity separated by the mediastinum, which contains the heart, the trachea, and the trachea, the oesophagus, the thymus and the lymph nodes. The lungs are pinkish and soft, and spongy because they are mostly air spaces surrounded by alveolar cells and elastic connective tissue. The right lung is made up of three lobes. It is shorter, broader and has a greater volume than the left lung. The left lung has only two lobes to make room for the apex of the heart in an indentation called the cardiac notch, which is located on the medial surface. The left lung is longer and narrower than the right lung. Each lungs attachment is at the hilum or root, on the medial side, where the bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves enter the lungs. Each lobe is supplied by one of the secondary bronchi.

A double-layered serous membrane called visceral pleura covers the lungs. It is firmly attached to the surface of the lungs and protects and cushions the lungs. The visceral pleura protrudes between the fissures of the lobes. At the hilum of the lungs, the visceral pleura is continuous with the parietal pleural that lines the wall of the thorax. The thin space between the visceral and the parietal pleural is called the pleural cavity. Pleura produces a serous fluid that acts as a lubricant to reduces the friction between the parietal and visceral pleura&nbsp;and between the individual lobes as the lungs inflate and deflate.

The lungs are the centre of the respiratory system.

Lungs 

At the end of the bronchial tree lie the alveolar ducts, the alveolar sacs and the alveolar, which consist primarily of simple squamous epithelium that permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide.&nbsp;

- Alveolar ducts connect the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs&nbsp;

- Alveolar sac is the name given to the alveoli that develop together into bunches, each 		bunch grouped together is called an alveolar sac&nbsp;

- Alveoli are cup-shaped with thin walls. They are surrounded by a network of blood vessels called capillaries that also have thin walls.&nbsp;

It is between the two membranous walls of the alveoli and the capillaries that the exchange of gasses between the air in the lungs and the bold in the capillaries occurs.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/alveoli-function#alveoli-structure">Alveoli</a>

<a href="https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory/passages/bronchi.html">Alveoli</a>

At the end of the bronchial tree lie the alveolar ducts, the alveolar sacs and the alveolar, which consist primarily of simple squamous epithelium that permits rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 

Alveoli

At the fifth thoracic vertebra in the mediastinum, the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi. The bronchi branch out into the volume of the lungs and get smaller and smaller until they transform into tiny air sacs called alveoli. Structurally similar to the trachea of cartilage and mucous membrane, the right bronchus is slightly larger than the left one, so often foreign objects breathed into the lungs more often end up in the right bronchus. Deeper into the lungs, each bronchus branches out further into five smaller secondary bronchi that provide air to the different lobes of the lungs. As the branching out continues, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles. The amount of smooth muscle, on the other hand, increases as the hyaline cartilage decreases. Also, the mucous membrane transitions from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium. In each lung, there are as many as 30,000 tiny bronchioles. This whole section of bronchi and bronchioles is called the Bronchial tree.&nbsp;

<a href="https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/respiratory/passages/bronchi.html">The Bronchia</a>

<a href="https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/lung-trachea-bronchial-tree#1">The Bronchia</a>

At the fifth thoracic vertebra in the mediastinum, the trachea divides into the right and let primary bronchi

Bronchia 

The larynx, also&nbsp;known as the voice box, or the glottis, plays an essential role in human speech and is a flexible segment of the respiratory system. An epithelium-lined tube formed off nine pieces of cartilage bound together by several ligaments connects the pharynx to the trachea. It extends&nbsp;from the fourth to the sixth cervical vertebral level anteriorly to the oesophagus. It plays a vital role in the respiratory tract by allowing air to pass through it while keeping food and drink from blocking the airway.

The different sections of the larynx&nbsp;

- Thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage in the larynx, which supports the Glottis. It is semicircular in shape and has a prominent ridge that extends from its anterior surface. In males, this ridge is larger and known as Adam’s apples. It is connected by a wide ligament called the thyrohyoid membrane to the hyoid bone at the superior surface. The thyroid cartilage anchors the anterior end of the vocal fold attached to the inside of the thyroid cartilage near the body’s midline.&nbsp;

- Cricoid cartilage is&nbsp;hyaline cartilage and is the most inferior structure of the larynx located at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. It forms the connection between the larynx and the trachea. It is ring-shaped, the posterior portion is wider than the anterior portion, giving space for forwarding movement of the neck. It is connected superiorly to the thyroid cartilage and inferiorly to the trachea by cricotracheal ligament. Posteriorly the Cricoid cartilage almost touches the thyroid cartilage to form what is called the cricothyroid joint. Through changes in the angle of the cricothyroid joint the pitch of the sound can be modified to help control the tension of the vocal folds.&nbsp;

- Cuneiform, corniculate, and arytenoid cartilages are three tiny, paired massed cartilage. Positioned posterior to the thyroid on either side of the sideline of the larynx.&nbsp;

- Arytenoid cartilages sit on the posterior side of the cricoid cartilage and are pyramidal masses of cartilage. They play a vital role in producing sound and act as the pivot point for the vocal fold and the muscles that move the vocal folds.&nbsp;

- Corniculate cartilages rest on top of the arytenoid cartilages, they are horned shaped and help support the posterior end of the glottis.

- Cuneiform cartilages are thin bands of cartilage that laterally extends to support the lateral sides of the glottis from the corniculate cartilages.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/respiratory/head-neck/larynx">The larynx</a>

The larynx is also known as the voice box or the glottis plays an essential role in human speech and is a flexible segment of the respiratory system. 

Larynx

The respiratory system is a series of organs that work with the circulatory system to provide a continuous supply of oxygen and to remove the waste products of the metabolic process of the body cells.  The respiratory system also help to regulate the pH (a measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solu

Collection: Respiratory System

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